A selection of books on the existence of God

I have mainly included works can be divided into two groups: (1) works that have some historical significance to the debate on the existence of God; and (2) serious recent contributions to the debate. The works are listed chronologically. Most of the earlier works are included because of their historical significance. The more recently published works are included primarily because of their high quality and in-depth discussion of the subject. The works are divided into three columns: theistic, atheist & agnostic and book-length debates. Unsurprisingly, the longest column is the list of theistic works, partly because theists have been discussing the existence of God in print for much longer than atheists have and partly because a greater number of theistic philosophers are actively interested in the philosophy of religion than atheist philosophers are.

Many atheist philosophers of the early-mid twentieth century tended to assume (erroneously, as it has turned out) that philosophy had moved beyond asking questions about God’s existence. This was partly due to the influence of logical positivism/empiricism (and scientism), which dominated Anglophonic philosophy throughout much of the twentieth century, thanks in large part to the influence of a group of scholars known as the Vienna Circle. The debunking of logical positivism in the 1950s saw the unexpected resurrection of theistic philosophy in subsequent decades. Throughout the 60s’, 70s’ and 80s’, theistic philosophers such as Alvin Plantinga, Nicholas Wolterstorff, Richard Swinburne, Brian Davies, Bruce R. Reichenbach, William Lane Craig and others dominated the discussion on God’s existence. Early on during this period only a handful of atheist and agnostic philosophers (i.e., Wallace I. Matson, Anthony Flew, Anthony Kenny, J.L. Mackie, William L. Rowe) attempted to keep up with the rise in theistic philosophy. By the end of the 1980s, a new generation of atheist philosophers (e.g., Michael Martin, Kai Nielsen, Quentin Smith) began working to redress the imbalance. Unfortunately, their generally high-quality contributions to the philosophy of religion seem to have had little influence among the leading advocates of ‘pop atheism’ (e.g., Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett, Lawrence Krauss), who still advocate arguments/ideas derived from scientistic and/or positivist philosophies and repeat popular (misinformed) objections to theism derived from Russell and Hume, e.g. the ‘If God caused the universe, then what caused God?’ objection to the cosmological argument.

The list of works below is far from exhaustive, but many of the key texts on the existence of God that still survive today are included. Other works also have had significant influence on the development of historical atheism and theism, but are not included here largely because they don’t deal with the existence of God in any substantial detail. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the writings of Karl Marx (and other Communists), George Bernard Shaw (and other socialists) and August Comte (and other positivists) largely presupposed the falsity of theism, rather than attempting to argue against it. Similarly, the writings of atheist existentialists Jean-Paul Satre and Albert Camus, and post-modernists like Michel Foucault and others add little to the discussion of God’s existence, despite their considerable influence on twentieth century philosophy. The same can be said of the writings of Sigmund Freud.

Still more books not included here are the populist, highly-polemical writings of the so-called ‘New Atheists’ (e.g. Richard Dawkins’ The God Delusion, Christopher Hitchens’ God is Not Great), largely because these books add nothing of any intellectual interest to the discussion (nor, indeed, do they present anything like a coherent, well-informed critique of theism). Their primary claim to fame is that they have become best-sellers, due largely to increased interest in (and resentment of) organised religion in the wake of rising Islamic extremism. In fact, the ‘New Atheism’ would be better termed ‘Pop Atheism’. The only New Atheist book that is of philosophical interest is Alex Rosenberg’s The Atheist’s Guide to Reality. It is of interest primarily because it carefully expounds the metaphysical implications of scientism, a philosophy widely believed among pop atheists (though generally rejected by philosophers today). (‘Scientism’ is a term used by its critics. Few advocates of scientism actually identify themselves as being advocates of scientism, even though their views fit within the spectrum of ideas commonly identified as ‘scientism’.)

Many historically significant theistic writers have, also, written influential works of theology without arguing for the existence of God, e.g. Martin Luther and John Calvin. Others (e.g., Augustine of Hippo) did argue for the existence of God, but their arguments are not well-known or widely-discussed today. Some works deserve note, though they are not listed here, such as C.S. Lewis’ Mere Christianity and Miracles. Instead, some of the more substantial academic texts upon which Lewis drew (i.e., Sorley’s Moral Values and Balfour’s Theism and Humanism) are included in the list.

Immanuel Kant’s works are included within the list of theistic works (because he was a theist, obviously), even tough he is most famous in the philosophy of religion for his attempted refutation of the ontological and cosmological arguments and for his critique of humans’ ability to rationally know about God. It is largely because of the influence of Kant (and Hume) that discussion of the cosmological argument (and theistic arguments more generally) declined somewhat during the nineteenth century. This decline resulted the rise of fideism in within Western religion (particularly Christianity) in the nineteenth century, and unfortunately fideism continues to influence many religious people today. The Kantian moral argument (the only argument Kant advanced for God’s existence) and the Paleyan design argument (advance by William Paley in his Natural Theology) became popular at this time, but also declined somewhat in popularity as time passed, due in part to the rise of utilitarianism and Darwinism. In the place of theistic philosophy, a combination of metaphysical naturalism and Comtean positivism rose to become the dominant ideology of Western academia. Comtean positivism later gave way to the logical positivism of the Vienna Circle from the 1920s onward.

It was not until the late twentieth century (the 1960s) that philosophy of religion began to revive. Due to the work of philosophers such as Bruce R. Riechenbach, William Lane Craig, and others the cosmological argument was revived in the 1970s. Even earlier, some Catholic philosophers, most notably Peter Coffey, Etienne Gilson, Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange and Jacques Maritain contributed to the revival of Scholasticism, and with it discussion of Scholastic arguments for God’s existence. The revival of Scholasticism (particularly Thomism, the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas) was also reflected in the works of non-Catholic philosophers such as E.L. Mascall and F.R. Tennant in the 1930s and 40s, but theistic arguments were not widely discussed among philosophers again until the 1960s and 70s. Again, this was due largely to the influence of logical positivism.

Since the 1970s, other arguments have received increased consideration, including the ‘argument from consciousness’, championed by J.P. Moreland; the ‘argument from reason’, versions of which have been advanced by Alvin Plantinga and Victor Reppert; and the moral argument, defended by Paul Copan, Mark Linville, C. Stephen Evans and others. A new argument, which first emerged in the 1970s, is the fine-tuning argument, a version of the teleological argument that has been developed and defended by Richard Swinburne, Robin Collins, William Lane Craig, John Polkinghorne and Rodney Holder, among others. This argument has rapidly become a favourite among theistic philosophers and scientists. The ontological argument has also received increased interest in the writings of Alvin Plantinga, Robert E. Maydole and Daniel A. Dobrowski.

Public debates over the existence of God did not really become popular (or practical) until the twentieth century. The main reason for this was that true atheists were quite rare up until the late nineteenth century. Also, atheism had a social stigma attached to it that made public professions of atheism uncommon. Strictly speaking Hume was not an atheist but a ‘sceptic’. John Stuart Mill’s anti-religious essays were published posthumously and Romanes published his work under the pseudonym ‘Physicus’. Other atheists were more interested in advancing their own particular secular ideologies (e.g., Marxist Communism) than debating the existence of God.

This began to change in the early twentieth century, when a number of public figures openly avowed atheism. Then public debate became possible. Figures such as George Bernard Shaw, Clarence Darrow, and Bertrand Russell (on the atheist side) and G.K. Chesterton, C.S. Lewis and Frederick Copleston (on the theist side) participated in discussions/debates on God’s existence. Lewis even sponsored a debate forum at Oxford called the Socratic Club, where many influential theists and atheists participated in debates attended by Oxford faculty and students. Many influential theist, atheist and agnostic philosophers presented papers for critical analysis at the Socratic Club.

The transcripts of most of early public debates (if there were any originally) have been lost or are not generally available today. In recent decades, however, public debates have become increasingly common and a number of the best debates have been published in book form, often with commentary by other philosophers. Some of these works are listed in the debates column below.

Where the books listed below are available for free on the Internet, I have provided web links. I have also provided web links to articles about some of the more significant philosophers and theologians listed below.

Theistic works: Organised into pagan, Jewish, Christian and Muslim works (or works about Jewish, Christian and Muslim scholars). Works by/on pagan writers are marked with a +, Jewish writers with a #, Christians with a * and Muslims with a ^. + Aristotle, Physics (4th-Century B.C.) + Aristotle, Metaphysics (4th-Century B.C.) + Plotinus, The Enneads (3rd century A.D.). Particularly the Sixth Ennead. # Saadia Gaon, The Book of Beliefs and Opinions (933 A.D.) ^ Avicenna (Ibn Sina), ‘The Science of Divine Things’ in The Book of Healing (1027). * Anselm, Monologium (Late 11th-century). * Anselm, Proslogium (Late 11th-century). ^ Al-Ghazahli, The Incoherence of the Philosophers (Late 11th-century). ^ Averroes (Ibn Rushd), The Incoherence of the Incoherence (Mid-Late 12th-century). # Moses Maimonides, Guide for the Perplexed (Late 12th-century). * Bonaventure, Commentary on the Sentences of Lombard (Mid 13th-century). * Thomas Aquinas, Summa Contra Gentiles, Vol. 1: God (Mid 13th-century). * Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, Part 1: God (Mid 13th-century). * John Duns Scotus, A Treatise on God as First Principle (Late 13th-Century). * Francisco Suarez, Metaphysical Disputations, 28-29 (1597). * Rene Descartes, Meditations on First Philosophy (1641). With criticisms and responses (1642). * Samuel Clarke, A Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God (1705). * Gottfried Leibniz, The Monadology (1714). * Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason (1781). # Moses Mendelssohn, Morning Hours, or Lectures on the Existence of God (1785). * Immanuel Kant, Religion Within the Bounds of Mere Reason (1793). * William Paley, Natural Theology, or Evidence of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity, collected from the appearances of nature (1802). * Thomas Chalmers, On Natural Theology, volumes 1 and 2 (Robert Carter & Brothers, 1845). Click volume numbers for links. * Richard F. Clarke, The Existence of God: A Dialogue, in Three Essays (Catholic Truth Society, 1887). * Franz Brentano, On the Existence of God: Lectures given at the Universities of Warzburg and Vienna (1868-1891) (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987). * Bernard Boedder, Natural Theology – Manuals of Catholic Philosophy (Longmans, Green & Co., 1891). * G.G. Stokes, Natural Theology, Vol. 1: Being the Gifford Lectures Delivered Before the University of Edinburgh in 1891 (Adam and Charles Black, 1891). * G.G. Stokes, Natural Theology, Vol. 2: Being the Gifford Lectures Delivered Before the University of Edinburgh in 1893 (Adam and Charles Black, 1893). * George Park Fisher, Manual of Natural Theology (Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1893). * Arthur James Balfour, The Foundations of Belief: Being Notes Introductory to the Study of Theology (Longmans, Green & Co., 1895). * Arthur James Balfour, Theism and Humanism: Being the Gifford Lectures Delivered at the University of Glasgow in 1914 (Hodder & Stoughton, 1915). * Cardinal Mercier, A Manual of Scholastic Philosophy, Vol. 2: Natural Theology (Theodicy), Logic, Ethics, History of Philosophy, translated by Peter Coffey (Kegan Paul, Trench, Turner & Co., Ltd., 1916 & 1917). * Leander S Keyser, A System of Natural Theism (German Literary Board, 1917). * W.R. Sorley, Moral Values and the Idea of God: The Gifford Lectures Given in the University of Aberdeen in 1914 and 1915 (Cambridge University Press, 1918). * G.H. Joyce, Principles of Natural Theology (Longmans, Green & Co., 1923). * F.R. Tennant, Philosophical Theology, Vol. 1: The Soul & Its Faculties (Cambridge University Press, 1928). * F.R. Tennant, Philosophical Theology, Vol. 2: The World, the Soul and God (Cambridge University Press, 1930). * A.E. Taylor, The Faith of a Moralist: Gifford Lectures Delivered in the University of St. Andrews, 1926-1928, Series 1 – The Theological Implications of Morality (Macmillan and Co., 1930). * A.E. Taylor, The Faith of a Moralist: Gifford Lectures Delivered in the University of St. Andrews, 1926-1928, Series 2 – Natural Theology and Positive Religion (Macmillan and Co., 1930). * Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange, God: His Existence and Nature (St. Louis University Press, 1934). * Etienne Gilson, God and Philosophy (Yale University Press, 1941). * E.L. Mascall, He Who Is: A Study of Traditional Theism (Longman, Green & Co., 1943). * A.E. Taylor, Does God Exist? (Macmillan, 1947). * Henri Renard, The Philosophy of God (Bruce Publishing Company, 1951). * Celestine Bittle, God and His Creatures (Bruce Publishing Company, 1953). * Jacques Maritain, Approaches to God (Harper & Bros., 1954). * Stuart C. Hackett, The Resurrection of Theism: Prolegomena to Christian Apology (Roger Wasson Company, 1957). * Maurice Holloway, An Introduction to Natural Theology (Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1959). * G. E. M. Anscombe and P. T. Geach, Three Philosophers: Aristotle, Aquinas, Frege (Basil Blackwell, 1961). * John Hick, The Existence of God (Macmillan, 1964). * Alvin Plantinga, God and Other Minds: A Study of the Rational Justification of Belief in God (Cornell University Press, 1967). * David Burrill, The Cosmological Argument (Doubleday & Co., 1967). * John Hick, Arguments for the Existence of God (Herder and Herder, 1971). * Bruce R. Reichenbach, The Cosmological Argument: A Reassessment (Charles C. Thomas, 1972). * Dennis Bonnette, Aquinas’ Proofs for God’s Existence: St. Thomas Aquinas on: “The per accidens necessarily implies the per se” (Martinus Nijhoff, 1972). * Alvin Plantinga, God, Freedom and Evil (William B. Eerdman Publishing, 1974). * Alvin Plantinga, The Nature of Necessity (Oxford University Press, 1978). * Hans Kung, Does God Exist? An Answer for Today (SCM Press, 1978). * William Lane Craig, The Kalam Cosmological Argument (Macmillan, 1979). * William Lane Craig, The Cosmological Argument from Plato to Leibniz (Macmillan, 1980). + Mortimer J. Adler, How to Think About God: A Guide for the 20th-Century Pagan (Macmillan, 1980). * Stephen T. Davis, Logic and the Nature of God (Macmillan, 1983). * Brian Hebblethwaite, The Ocean of Truth: A Defence of Objective Theism (Cambridge University Press, 1988). * Barry Miller, From Existence to God: A Contemporary Philosophical Argument (Routledge, 1992). * Richard Taylor, Metaphysics, 4th edition (Prentice Hall, 1992). * Richard Swinburne, The Coherence of Theism, Revised Edition (Clarendon Press, 1993). * David Braine, The Reality of Time and the Existence of God: The Project of Proving God’s Existence (Clarendon Press, 1993). ^ Ian Richard Netton, Allah Transcendent: Studies in the Structure and Semiotics of Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Cosmology (Routledge, 1994). * Gerard Hughes, The Nature of God (Routledge, 1995). * Barry Miller, A Most Unlikely God: A Philosophical Inquiry into the Nature of God (University of Notre Dame Press, 1996). * Stephen T. Davis, God, Reason & Theistic Proofs (Edinburgh University Press, 1997). Norman Kretzmann, The Metaphysics of Theism: Aquinas’s Natural Theology in Summa Contra Gentiles I (Clarendon Press, 1997). * Christopher F.J. Martin, Thomas Aquinas: God and Explanations (Edinburgh University Press, 1997). Excerpts here. * John Polkinghorne, Belief in God in an Age of Science (Yale University Press, 1998). * Stephen R.L. Clark, God, Religion and Reality (SPCK, 1998). * John F. Wippel, The Metaphysical Thought of Thomas Aquinas (Catholic University of America Press, 2000). * David Conway, The Rediscovery of Wisdom: From Here to Antiquity in Search of Sophia (Macmillan, 2000). * Alvin Plantinga, Warranted Christian Belief (Oxford University Press, 2000). * William Lane Craig & J.P. Moreland (eds.), Naturalism: A Critical Analysis (Routledge, 2000). * W. Norris Clarke, The One and the Many: A Contemporary Thomistic Metaphysics (University of Notre Dame Press, 2001). * William C. Rea, Word Without Design: The Ontological Consequences of Naturalism (Oxford University Press, 2002). ^ Cafer S. Yaran, Islamic Thought on the Existence of God: Contributions and Contrasts with Western Philosophy of Religion (Council for Research in Values and Philosophy, 2003). * J.P. Moreland & William Lane Craig, Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview (Intervarsity Press, 2003). * Paul Copan and Paul K. Moser (eds.), The Rationality of Theism (Routledge, 2003). * Stephen M. Barr, Modern Physics and Ancient Faith (Notre Dame University Press, 2003). * Richard Swinburne, The Existence of God, 2nd edition (Clarendon Press, 2004). * Paul Copan & William Lane Craig, Creation Out of Nothing: A Biblical, Philosophical and Scientific Exploration (Baker Books, 2004). * Rodney D. Holder, God, the Multiverse and Everything (Ashgate, 2004). * George P. Rocca, Speaking the Incomprehensible God: Thomas Aquinas on the Interplay of Negative and Positive Theology (Catholic University of America Press, 2004). ^ Jaferhusein I. Laliwala, Islamic Philosophy of Religion: Synthesis of Science, Religion and Philosophy (Sarup & Sons, 2005). * James Sennett and Douglas Groothius’ (eds.) In Defense of Natural Theology: A Post-Humean Assessment (Intervarsity Press, 2005). * Daniel A. Dobrowski, Rethinking the Ontological Argument: A Neoclassic Theistic Response (Cambridge University Press, 2006). * Alexander R. Pruss, The Principle of Sufficient Reason: A Reassessment (Cambridge University Press, 2006). * Peter van Inwagen, The Problem of Evil (Clarendon Press, 2006). * Brian Davies, The Reality of God and the Problem of Evil (Continuum, 2006). * W. Norris Clarke, The Philosophical Approach to God: A New Thomistic Perspective (Fordham University Press, 2007). * Mark R. Nowacki, The Kalam Cosmological Argument for God (Barnes & Noble, 2007). * Timothy O’Connor, Theism and Ultimate Explanation: The Necessary Shape of Contingency (Wiley-Blackwell, 2008). * Edward Feser, The Last Superstition: A Refutation of the New Atheism (St. Augustine’s Press, 2008). * William Lane Craig, Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics, 3rd edition (Crossway Books, 2008). Excerpt here. * J.P. Moreland, Consciousness and the Existence of God: A Theistic Argument (Routledge, 2008). * Dean L. Overman, A Case for the Existence of God (Rowan & Littlefield, 2009). Excerpt here. * William Lane Craig & J.P. Moreland (eds.), The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology (Wiley-Blackwell, 2009). Excerpts here, here, here, here, here, and here. * Robert C. Koons & George Bealer (eds.), The Waning of Materialism (Oxford University Press, 2010). * C. Stephen Evans, Natural Signs and Knowledge of God: A New Look at Theistic Arguments (Oxford University Press, 2010). * Robert J. Spitzer, New Proofs for the Existence of God: Contributions of Contemporary Physics and Philosophy (William B. Eerdmans, 2010). * Alvin Plantinga, Where the Conflict Really Lies: Science, Religion & Naturalism (Oxford University Press, 2011). *  Emanuel Rutten, Towards a Renewed Case for Theism: A Critical Assessment of Contemporary Cosmological Arguments (Vrije Universiteit, 2012). * David Bentley Hart, The Experience of God: Being, Consciousness, Bliss (Yale University Press, 2013). * Benjamin C. Jantzen, An Introduction to Design Arguments (Cambridge University Press, 2014). * Gaven Kerr, Aquinas’ Way to God: The Proof in De Ente et Essentia (Oxford University Press, 2015).

Atheist/agnostic works: Books by authors more accurately described as agnostics are marked with a #. * Anonymous, Theophrastus revivius (17th-century). * Jean Meslier, Thoughts and Feelings of Jean Meslier…, better known as the Testament (Late 17th-century). * Baron d’Holbach, The System of Nature, or the Laws of the Moral and Physical World (1770). # David Hume, Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (1779). * William Hammon (possibly a pseudonym), Answer to Dr. Priestley’s Letters to a Philosophical Unbeliever (1782). * Percy Bysshe Shelley, The Necessity of Atheism (1813). Short polemical essay. * Denis Diderot, The Sceptic’s Walk {Promenade du Skeptique} (1830). * Ludwig Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity (1841). # John Stuart Mill, Three Essays on Religion: Nature, the Utility of Religion and Theism (Longmans, Green, Reader and Dyer, 1874). * Physicus (George John Romanes), A Candid Examination of Theism (Houghton, Osgood & Company, 1878). # L.E. Hicks, A Critique of Design Arguments: A Historical Review and Free Examination of the Methods of Reasoning in Natural Theology (Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1883). * Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil: Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future (1886). * Friedrich Nietzsche, The Anti-Christ (1895). * F.C.S. Schiller, Humanism: Philosophical Essays (Macmillan & Co., 1903). * H.L. Mencken, Treatise on the Gods (Alfred A. Knopf, 1930). * A.J. Ayer, Language, Truth and Logic (Victor Gollanzez, 1936). * Bertrand Russell, Why I am not a Christian and Other essays on Religion (George Allen & Unwin, 1957). Excerpt here. * Walter Kaufmann, Critique of Religion and Philosophy (Anchor Books, 1961). # Wallace I. Matson, The Existence of God (Cornell University Press, 1965). * Anthony Flew, God and Philosophy (Harcourt, Brace and World, 1966). # Anthony Kenny, The Five Ways: St. Thomas Aquinas’ Proofs of the Existence of God (Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969). # William L. Rowe, The Cosmological Argument (Princeton University Press, 1975). * Anthony Flew, The Presumption of Atheism (Barnes & Noble, 1976). Excerpt here. # Robert Jastrow, God and the Astronomers (W.W. Norton, 1978). # Anthony Kenny, The God of the Philosophers (Clarendon Press, 1979). * George H. Smith, Atheism: The Case Against God (Prometheus Books, 1979). * J.L. Mackie, The Miracle of Theism: Arguments for and Against the Existence of God (Cambridge University Press, 1982). * Kai Neilsen, God, Scepticism and Modernity (University of Ottowa Press, 1989). * Michael Martin, Atheism: A Philosophical Justification (Temple University Press, 1990). * Michael Martin, The Case Against Christianity (Temple University Press, 1991). # Richard M. Gale, On the Nature and Existence of God (Cambridge University Press, 1991). # Anthony Kenny, What is Faith? Essays in the Philosophy of Religion (Oxford University Press, 1993). * Antony Flew, Atheistic Humanism (Prometheus Books, 1993). * Graham Oppy, Ontological Arguments and Belief in God (Cambridge University Press, 1995). * Robin Le Poidevin, Arguing for Atheism: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion (Routledge, 1996). * Kai Nielsen, God and the Grounding of Morality (University of Ottowa Press, 1997). * Andrew Melnyk, A Physicalist Manifesto: Thoroughly Modern Materialism (Cambridge University Press, 2003). * Michael Martin & Ricki Monnier (eds.), The Impossibility of God (Prometheus Books, 2003). # Anthony Kenny, The Unknown God: Agnostic Essays (Continuum, 2004). * Bede Rundle, Why there is Something rather than Nothing (Clarendon Press, 2004). * Nicholas Everitt, The Non-Existence of God (Routledge, 2004). # William L. Rowe, Can God Be Free? (Clarendon Press, 2004). * Jordan Howard Sobel, Logic and Theism: Arguments for and Against Beliefs in God (Cambridge University Press, 2004). * Kai Neilsen, Atheism & Philosophy (Prometheus Books, 2005). # Eric J. Weilenberg, Value and Virtue in a Godless Universe (Cambridge University Press, 2005). * J.L. Schellenberg, Prolegomena to a Philosophy of Religion (Cornell University Press, 2005). * Michael Martin & Ricki Monnier (eds.). The Improbability of God (Prometheus Books, 2006). # Anthony Kenny, What I Believe (Continuum, 2006). * Graham Oppy, Arguing About Gods (Cambridge University Press, 2006). * Carl Sagan, The Varieties of Scientific Experience: A Personal View of God (Penguin Books, 2007). * J.L. Schellenberg, The Wisdom of Doubt: A Justification of Religious Skepticism (Cornell University Press, 2007). * Nick Trakakis, The God Beyond Belief: In Defence of William Rowe’s Evidential Argument from Evil (Springer, 2007). # William L. Rowe, Philosophy of Religion: An Introduction, 4th edition (Wadsworth CENGAGE Learning, 2007). * Michael Martin (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Atheism (Cambridge University Press, 2007). # Eric J. Weilenberg, God and the Reach of Reason: C.S. Lewis, David Hume and Bertrand Russell (Cambridge University Press, 2008). * David Ramsay Steele, Atheism Explained: From Folly to Philosophy (Open Court, 2008). # David Berlinski, The Devil’s Delusion: Atheism and Its Scientific Delusions (Crown Forum, 2008; rev. ed., Basic Books, 2009). * Alex Rosenberg, The Atheist’s Guide to Reality: Enjoying Life Without Illusions (W.W. Norton, 2009). * Gregory W. Dawes, Theism and Explanation (Routledge, 2009). * Thomas Nagel, Secular Philosophy and the Religious Temperament, Essays 2002-2008 (Oxford University Press, 2010). * Steve Stuart-Williams, Darwin, God and the Meaning of Life: How Evolutionary Theory Undermines Everything You Think You Knew (Cambridge University Press, 2010). # J. Angelo Corbett, The Errors of Atheism (Continuum, 2010). * Thomas Holden, Spectres of False Divinity: Hume’s Moral Atheism (Oxford University Press, 2010). * Graham Oppy, The Best Argument Against God (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013). * Michael Ruse, Atheism: What Everyone Needs to Know (Oxford University Press, 2015).

Debates: * Bertrand Russell & Fredrick Copleston, “A Debate on the Existence of God.” In The Existence of God, John Hick, ed. (Macmillan, 1964). * J.P. Moreland & Kai Nielsen, Does God Exist? The Debate Between Atheists and Theists (Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1990). * Antony Flew & Terry L. Miethe, Does God Exist?: A Believer and an Atheist Debate (1991). * William Lane Craig & Quentin Smith, Theism, Atheism and Big Bang Cosmology (Oxford University Press, 1993). * Stan W. Wallace (ed.), William Lane Craig & Anthony Flew, Does God Exist? The Craig-Flew Debate (Ashgate Publishing, 2003). * J.J.C. Smart & J.J. Haldane, Atheism & Theism, 2nd edition (Blackwell Publishing, 2003). * William Lane Craig & Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, God? A Debate Between a Christian and an Atheist (Oxford University Press, 2004). * Robert Stewart (ed.), The Future of Atheism: Alister McGrath and Daniel Dennett in Dialogue (Fortress Press, 2008). * Alvin Plantinga & Michael Tooley, Knowledge of God (Blackwell Publishing, 2008). * Robert K. Garcia & Nathan L. King (eds.), Is Goodness without God Good Enough? A Debate on Faith, Secularism, and Ethics (Rowan & Littlefield, 2009).